The third-seeded pair beat fifth seeds Nuria Llagostera Vives of Spain and India’s Sania Mirza 7-5, 7-5 on the hard court in Beijing.
It is a first title together for Makarova and Vesnina.
Makarova claimed her maiden doubles title with compatriot Alisa Kleybanova in 2009 in Morocco. Vesnina captured her seventh career doubles title.
Maria Sharapova goes for Russia's second title at this year's tournament on Sunday, when she plays world No. 1 Victoria Azarenka in the singles final.
In the men's final, Novak Djokovic plays Jo-Wilfried Tsonga.
Victoria Azarenka completed a straight-sets win over ninth seed Marion Bartoli on Saturday to join Maria Sharapova in the final of the China Open.
Bartoli surrendered a close first set cheaply with a double fault, and the Belarusian world No. 1 broke four more times to secure a 6-4, 6-2 win.
Sunday’s final will see the fifth clash of the year between Azarenka and Sharapova, who earlier knocked out local favorite Li Na.
The Russian has beaten Azarenka only once this season, in the Stuttgart final in April.
The prize fund of the hard-court China Open is $4.8 million.
Azarenka Joins Sharapova in China Open Final